Habakkuk

Habakkuk

Previous (Haakon IV of Norway)Shrine of Habakkuk in Toyserkan, Iran.

Habakkuk or Havakuk (Hebrew: חֲבַקּוּק, Standard Ḥavaqquq Tiberian Ḥăḇaqqûq) was a prophet in the Hebrew Bible.

He was the eighth of the twelve minor prophets and the author of the eponymous prophetic book that bears his name. Though little concrete biographical data is available, it appears that he was active around the turn of the sixth century B.C.E.

, where he offered an impassioned theological plea for God to defend the Israelite nation against the marauding Babylonians.

In addition to the general importance of the text for Christian and Jewish theologians, the prophet's life is commemorated by Iranian Muslims and Jews, who believe that his final resting place is found in Hamedan province, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, who celebrate his feast day on December 2nd.

Name and Etymology

The etymology of the name “Habakkuk” is not clear, though it is possibly related to the Akkadian khabbaququ (the name of a fragrant plant) or the Hebrew root חבק, meaning “embrace.” The article in the Catholic Encyclopedia provides additional philological details:

In the Hebrew text (i,1; iii, 1), the prophet's name presents a doubly intensive form Hàbhàqqûq, which has not been preserved either in the Septuagint: Ambakoum, or in the Vulgate: Habacuc. Its resemblance with the Assyrian hambakûku, which is the name of a plant, is obvious. Its exact meaning cannot be ascertained: it is usually taken to signify “embrace” and is at times explained as “ardent embrace,” on account of its intensive form.[1][2]

This convoluted etymology (and the unusual nature of the name itself) has caused some scholars to speculate that it may in fact be a pseudonym.[3]

Historical / Biographical Information

See also: Book of Habakkuk

The prophet Habakkuk is a largely enigmatic figure, discernible only through the oblique hints offered by the text itself: a document that consists of five oracles about the Chaldeans (Babylonians) and a song of praise to God. Since the Chaldean rise to power occurred ca 612 B.C.E.

, it is assumed he was active about that time, which would make him an early contemporary of Jeremiah and Zephaniah. Jewish sources, however, do not group him with those two prophets, who are often placed together, so it is possible that he was slightly later than they.

Indeed, textual and historical evidence places the prophet in “Judah in the first part of the Babylonian crisis, from around 608 to 598 B.C.E.” [4] In a similar vein, recent scholarship by William L. Holladay suggests that the initial prophetic portion of the text can be fairly precisely dated to November/December 601 B.C.E.

, as it describes both a drought (which is corroborated in Jeremiah 14) and a public recitation of the Torah (a septennial process that can be backdated from the time of King Josiah).[5]

In terms of Habakkuk's station, many scholars suggest that he was a temple prophet, a representative of the organized Hebrew cult of the day. Koch summarizes the evidence for this position:

Habakkuk is one of the few literary prophets who is actually introduced as nabi [prophet] in the book's title. This probably means that he was an institutionalized cultic prophet. This fits in with remarks scattered throughout the book—for example that Habakkuk went up to a watchtower (in the temple?) in order to keep a look-out for a vision, and that Yahweh answered him there (2.1); or that his whole body trembled during his ecstatic reception of the word (3.16). In addition, the essential components even of his social criticism suggest that this belonged within a liturgical framework (cf. 1.2-11).[6]wise, the Jewish Encyclopedia argues that he was a traditionally seen as a Levite, “on the strength of the postscript to ch. iii. (verse 19, “on my stringed instruments”), which indicates that he owned instruments: only a Levite was authorized to use an instrument to accompany his songs in the Temple.”[7]

A certain insight into the character of the prophet can be gleaned from the contents of the book itself.

In addition to his obvious passion for his homeland and his evident poetical abilities, Habakkuk is unique among the prophets in that he openly questions the wisdom of God.

For instance, the first part of the first chapter sees the prophet crying out against injustice with the following lament:

How long, O Lord, must I call for help,but you do not listen?Or cry out to you, “Violence!”but you do not save?Why do you make me look at injustice?Why do you tolerate wrong?Destruction and violence are before me;there is strife, and conflict abounds.Therefore the law is paralyzed,and justice never prevails.The wicked hem in the righteous,so that justice is perverted (Habakkuk 1:2-4 (NIV)).

This confrontational stance is relatively unique in the prophetic corpus and would seem to imply either tremendous confidence in his relationship with the Divine or a galling amount of hubris.[8]

Finally, it must be noted that an Iranian biographical tradition exists, which claims that Habakkuk was a guardian of the Temple of Solomon who was captured by the Babylonians and detained in their prison for some years. After being freed by Cyrus the Great, he is thought to have traveled to Ecbatana, where he remained until his death.[9]

Habakkuk in later accounts

In addition, the prophet Habakkuk is also a secondary character in the story of Bel and the Dragon, a deuterocanonical postscript to the Book of Daniel. In it, God is utilizes the prophet as an instrument of his will, miraculously commanding him to offer sustenance to the book's beleaguered titular character:

Now there was in Judea a prophet called Habacuc [Habakkuk], and he had boiled pottage, and had broken bread in a bowl: and was going into the field, to carry it to the reapers.And the angel of the Lord said to Habacuc: Carry the dinner which thou hast into Babylon to Daniel, who is in the lions' den.And Habacuc said: Lord, I never saw Babylon, nor do I know the den.And the angel of the Lord took him by the top of his head, and carried him by the hair of his head, and set him in Babylon over the den in the force of his spirit.And Habacuc cried, saying: O Daniel, thou servant of God, take the dinner that God hath sent thee.And Daniel said: Thou hast remembered me, O God, and thou hast not forsaken them that love thee.And Daniel arose and ate. And the angel of the Lord presently set Habacuc again in his own place (Daniel 14: 32-38).

In the superscription of the Septuagint version of this account, Habakkuk is called “the son of Yeshua [Joshua/Jesus] of the tribe of Levi.”[10] Another later reference to Habakkuk can be found in the non-canonical Lives of the Prophets that accompanied many early recensions of the Christian Bible. In this account, the prophet's lineage is discussed and the Bel and the Dragon episode (mentioned above) is alluded to:
Habakkuk was from the tribe of Simeon the field of Beth-Zouxar. He foresaw the destruction of Jerusalem, prior to the captivity, and mourned exceedingly. When Nebuchadnezzar came to Jerusalem, he fled to Ostrakine and dwelt in the land of Ishmael. When the Chaldeans retired, and those who remained in Jerusalem (went down) to Egypt, he dwelt in his own land and ministered to the reapers of his field. As he took up the food, he prophesied to his family saying: “I am going to a distant land and will return swiftly; if I delay, carry out (the food) to the reapers.” And after he had been in Babylon and had given the meal to Daniel, he stood beside the reapers as the ate and spoke with no one of what had happened. And he understood that the people would return yet more swiftly from Babylon. And he died two years before the return and was buried alone in his field.[11]

However, given the relatively late compositions of these apocryphal tales, there is no reason to assume the veracity of any biographical information contained in them.

Posthumous Legacy

In addition to the plethora of Jewish rabbis and Christian theologians who have made use of the Book of Habakkuk in their sermons, exegeses, and doctrinal rulings, the historical figure of Habakkuk has, in and of himself, been revered in a number of different contexts. First, his final resting place is thought (by some) to be found in the city of Toyserkan (Western Iran), where an imposing conical mausoleum has been build to honor his memory. As noted in the Encyclopedia Iranica, “the tomb of Habaquq [Habakkuk] is sacred to both Jews and Muslims and many stories are told by locals about the miracles performed by this prophet for members of both communities.”[12] The spiritual prestige of the site is such that it is a popular pilgrimage destination for many residents of the province.

Also, his life is commemorated by various Communions of Eastern Christianity, including the Eastern Orthodox Church, who celebrate his feast day is December 2nd, and the Armenian Apostolic Church, where he (and the other Minor prophets) are feted on the 31st of July.

Notes

1. ↑ Francis E. Gigot Gigot (1910).Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910 ed.,Retrieved February 27, 2008.
2. ↑ See also Emil G. Hirsch. Hirsch (2002).www.jewishencyclopedia.com.Retrieved February 27, 2008.
3. ↑ Hirsch (2002).
4. ↑ Barry L. Bandstra.

   Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, Second Edition. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999), 366. Offering more specificity, Theodore Hiebert (New Interpreter's Bible) suggests that Habakkuk's prediction of the Babylonian invasion (1:5-11) would have had to predate the actual invasion (597 B.C.E.

   ) but would ly have followed the Babylonian advances against the Assyrians and Egyptians in 604. Thus, he dates the text (or at least this particular section) to “605-604 B.C.E., the fifth year of the reign of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, whose corrupt regime is described in 1:2-4” (626). In contrast, see Hirsch (2002).

5. ↑ William L.

   Holladay, “Plausible Circumstances for the Prophecy of Habakkuk.” Journal of Biblical Literature 120(1) (Spring 2001): 123-125.

6. ↑ Klaus Koch. The Prophets: The Babylonian and Persian Periods. (Philidelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), 82-83.

   Hiebert offers a cautionary note to those making this assertion, suggesting that “the problem of believing in the ultimate power of justice in an unjust world is such a basic one that it transcends particular social locations and political crises (627).

7. ↑ Hirsch (2002).

8. ↑ Aron Pinker, “Was Habakkuk Presumptuous,” Jewish Bible Quarterly 32:1 (January-March 2004): 27-34, for an extensive discussion of this issue.
9. ↑ See the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization's guide to Hamedan province. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
10. ↑ Abraham A.

    Neuman, “Josippon and the Apocrypha,” The Jewish Quarterly Review (New Series)43(1) (July 1952): 1-26. 10.

11. ↑ Excerpt from the “Lives of the Prophets” in the Codex Marchalianus, quoted in Satran, 36.
12. ↑ S. Soroudi, “Habakkuk” in Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved October 23, 2007.

References

• Bandstra, Barry L. Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (Second Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 0534527272.
• Gigot, Francis E. “Habakkuk.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.
• Hiebert, Theodore. “Habakkuk.” The New Interpreter's Bible. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994-2004. ISBN 0687278201.
• Hirsch, Emil G. “Habakkuk.” The Jewish Encyclopedia. 2002. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
• Holladay, William L. “Plausible Circumstances for the Prophecy of Habakkuk.” Journal of Biblical Literature 120:1 (Spring 2001). 123-130.
• Koch, Klaus. The Prophets: The Babylonian and Persian Periods. Philidelphia: Fortress Press, 1982. ISBN 0800617568.
• Neuman, Abraham A. “Josippon and the Apocrypha.” The Jewish Quarterly Review (New Series) 43:1 (July 1952), 1-26.
• Satran, David. Biblical Prophets in Byzantine Palestine: Reassessing the Lives of the Prophets. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995. ISBN 9004075607.

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.

Источник: //www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Habakkuk

Легенда о «Хаббакуке»: несбывшаяся мечта гигантского авианосца (5 фото)

Во время вооруженных конфликтов можно наблюдать в том числе и значительный технический прогресс. Стремление к победе дает невероятный стимул к созданию порой безумных изобретений. Вторая мировая война не стала исключением. О некоторых ее изобретениях многие даже не слышали.

Взять хотя бы взрывающихся крыс – идея британцев, наделавшая много шума среди германских нацистов, или советских «противотанковых» собак-самоубийц, вызвавших у немецких солдат нелюбовь ко всем собакам.

Технические творения, созданные в начале 40-х годов XX века, можно перечислять долго: железнодорожные пушки «Дора» и «Густав», игрушки Хобарта, радиоуправляемая планирующая бомба Henschel HS 293.

Но есть такие проекты, которые стали легендой, несмотря на то, что им даже не довелось поучаствовать в боях. Речь идет об изобретении англичанина Джеффри Пайка, которое так и не удалось воплотить в жизнь, – гигантском ледяном авианосце «Хаббакук».

Спасительная идея гигантского военного авианосца

Проект «Хаббакук» зародился в годы Второй мировой войны. Фашистская армия фактически блокировала Великобританию, отрезав ее от всего остального мира. Германские субмарины перехватывали атлантические конвои кораблей, которые подвозили нужные припасы к острову, с помощью подводных лодок.

Самолеты могли сопровождать корабли только до середины Атлантического океана. К осени 1942 года потери выросли настолько, что Британские острова оказались на грани голода.  Именно в это время появилась спасительная идея создания корабля-авианосца изо льда и древесных опилок.

Автором проекта гигантского ледяного авианосца «Хаббакук» принято считать британского инженера и ученого Джеффри Пайка.

Безумный гений Джеффри Пайк

Лондонская газета «Таймс» когда-то назвала Пайка одной из самых ярких и неординарных фигур в новейшей истории Великобритании. И он поистине заслужил эту славу.

Когда грянула Первая мировая, юный Пайк бросил престижный Кембридж и с фальшивым паспортом проник в Германию, откуда на свой страх и риск собирался отсылать в Лондон разведдонесения. Уже через неделю шпиона-любителя арестовали и упрятали в расстрельный блок берлинской тюрьмы Рулебен.

Там он едва не умер от пневмонии, но сумел совершить фантастический побег и вернуться на родину. Он буквально фонтанировал идеями. Мысль о создании гигантского авианосца изо льда, по одной из версий, пришла ему в голову на больничной койке в психиатрической больнице.

Изобретатель отправил свою идею лорду Луи Маунтбеттену – штабному руководителю комбинированных операций. Маунтбеттен был впечатлен необычным проектом Пайка и решил, что его идея нуждается в разработке.

Ледяному «пророку» дали путевку в жизнь

Название этому проекту Джеффри Пайк дал в честь пророка Аввакума. Также Хаббакуком называют божество криннского пантеона – доброго бога моря и живой природы. Материал, из которого планировалось построить «Хаббакук», был назван в честь его изобретателя – «пайкерит» и состоял из смеси 86% льда и 14% древесных опилок.

Планировалось построить проектное судно длиной 600 м, шириной 90 м и высотой 200 м. Он должен был обеспечить базирование не менее чем 500 самолетов. Его корпус должен был иметь толщину более 12 метров, что делало бы его неуязвимым для снарядов и торпед.

Внутри авианосца было предусмотрено громадное пространство из ангара и жилых помещений для 3590 моряков и летчиков. Двигаться «Проект Аввакум» должен был благодаря 26 моторным гондолам, вмороженным в борта. При этом максимальная скорость бы составила 7 узлов.

По расчетам канадских инженеров, на постройку корабля предполагалось затратить 300 тыс. тонн древесных стружек, 25 тыс. тонн огнеупорных веществ, 35 тыс. тонн древесины и 10 тыс. тонн стали. Расчетная цена – всего лишь около 700 тыс. фунтов. Согласно предположениям канадцев, корабль мог бы быть полностью готов к 1944 году.

Конец проекта «Хаббакук»

В феврале 1943 года началось строительство 19-метрового прототипа корабля на канадском озере Патриция, а в августе 1943 года он уже был представлен союзникам. Осенью 1943 года было выбрано место его сборки – залив Айленд на западе канадского Ньюфаундленда.  

Однако внезапно эпопея с «ледяным пророком» закончилась. Поздней осенью 1943 года американцы ввели в эксплуатацию стратегическую авиабазу в исландском Кеблавике, которая полностью изменила расстановку сил в Северной Атлантике.

В это же время у союзников появились новые самолеты дальнего радиуса действия, способные контролировать пространство от Ла-Манша до экватора, а боевые корабли стали оснащать противолодочными сонарами и радарами.

Гигантский «Хаббакук» стал просто не нужен.

Источник: //nlo-mir.ru/tech/37546-legenda-o-habbakuke-nesbyvshajasja-mechta-gigantskogo-avianosca.html